Federalism and Immigration Essay Example for Free

Federalism and Immigration out EssayThe term in-migration describes the movement and settlement of stack who ar not US citizens into the United States of America. Throughout history, America has been receiving immigrants from distant lands who come to settle in the United States. As early as the 19th century, in that location were m any(prenominal) people from new(prenominal) corners of the world who left their homelands to settle in the US. The reasons for early immigration were, among others, famine, flight from persecution in their homelands and search for better scotch opportunities. Thus between 1870 and 1900, the United States received approximately 12 million migrants (Library of Congress 2004). This immigration trend into the United States has continued unabated well into the cardinal first century and presently the foreign born population constitutes a probative proportion of the total American population. But of particular concern is the oddball of illegal imm igrants who have infiltrated virtually every corner of the United States. In a 2005 population survey, it was estimated that there were much than 11.1 million illegal immigrants living in the United States and the numbers are steadily increasing with each passing year (Passel, 2006).An uncontrolled influx of immigrants into the US can adversely affect the thriftiness and has invited a negative public opinion from U.S residents. For this reason, the federal government has had to come up with several immigration policies and polices with which to control the immigration process and to curb the influx of illegal immigrants. Although immigration policy is conventionally a realm of the federal government, recently, there have been efforts to include both the recount and topical anesthetic governments in the process.This phylogenesis has been met with different reactions as some people support the idea small-arm others openly question its validity as applied to the constitution. Is the involvement of state and local justness enforcement agencies in the enforcement of immigration laws a violation of the U.S constitution?Why the state and local law enforcers are being involved in immigration law enforcementThe federal government is probably not to blame for not being able to adequately handle the immigration situation. Apparently it operates a limit force of an estimated 2,000 federal agents. Yet statistics show that there are more than twelve million immigrants living illegally in the United States and every year, there is an influx averaging 800,000. about of them, around 450,000, are absconders who have already been issued with a deportation order but have not yet left the country. Some of them have even been found guilty of some deportable crimes but are yet to be deported. Cleary, the federal government has not been able to effectively put through the federal immigration laws across the entire country, simply because it lacks enough manpower. The number of illegal aliens in America far outweighs the force that is meant to control them at the ration of approximately 5,000 to 1. It is for this reason that decisions were made to include the state and local law enforcers in the implementation of immigration laws. This move added an additional 700,000 law enforcers to the immigration practice of law force thereby increasing the capability of the federal government to effectively enforce the immigration laws (Booth, 2006).Legislations supporting the involvement of state and local law enforcers in immigrationThere are several legislations which have been proposed to facilitate the involvement of the state and local law enforcers in the implementation of immigration laws. In the advanced twentieth century, the federal government started making subtle efforts to involve state and local governments in immigration. The year 1996 marked a turning point in the involvement of state and local governments in enforcement of immigration laws. Duri ng this year, Congress introduced the Personal Responsibility and Work Opportunity Reconciliation cultivate (PRWORA) which brought significant changes in state handling of aliens (The constitutionality of immigration federalism, 2005).Through this act, Congress gave the states authority to discriminate against immigrants in public benefits course of instructions by deciding who was eligible and who was not. Since the states are not allowed to classify aliens low the equal protection doctrine, the federal government took measures to devolve immigration decision making authority to the states so that their welfare discrimination would not be viewed as a violation of the constitution but rather, as immigration law making (Wishnie, 2002).The immigration laws of 1996 encouraged the state and local governments to take part in the implementation of immigration laws and authorized them to cooperate with the U.S Immigration and Naturalization Service (INS). Ordinances which had previously prevented the INS and the local agencies from communicating were removed and the states were allowed to deny drivers licenses to illegal immigrants.This led to an development in the number of detained illegal immigrant.In 2001, the September 11 attacks further intensified local government involvement in the enforcement of immigration and in 2002, the U.S Department of legal expert declared that in its point of view, the state and local governments possessed an inherent authority to enforce immigration laws (Wishnie, 2002).In 2003, H.R 2671, the Clear Law Enforcement for Criminal disaffect Removal Act ( return Act) was introduced by the U.S House of representatives. It stated in part that the State and local law enforcers had the authority to enforce immigration laws and declared that any state with no statute to enable the implementation of federal immigration laws within a two year period after the act had been enacted be denied certain federal incarceration assistance.It in l ike manner proposed compensation of the State or local authority for the apprehension of illegal immigrants within their jurisdictions as well as the provision of personal liability immunity to personnel who enforced the immigration laws whether they are from a federal, State or local agency. However, this bill never became law (GovTrack.us, 2003).In November 2003, S.1906, the Homeland Security Enhancement Act (HSEA) was introduced into parliament by the U.S senate. Under the HSEA, all violations of immigration laws pull by immigrants would be criminalized. The act also proposed that the states which did not repeal the policies that hindered their police from enforcing the immigration laws be denied funds from Criminal Alien Assistance Program (SCAAP) so as to induce them to enforce these laws.The SCAAP program reimburses the States any costs that they may have incurred in their incarceration of non US citizens. This Act was met with needlelike disagreements with the opponents arg uing that it would damage the good relationships that local law enforcers had spoilt with immigrants in their area even as its proponents felt that its enactment would boost national security (NILC, 2004).In 2005, some legislation pieces similar to the 2003 Clear Act and the 2003 HSEA Act were reintroduced by Congress. Both of these bills asserted that the state and local law enforcement was allowed to aid the federal government in the implementation of immigration laws. It is worth noting that the 2005 CLEAR Act also proposed that the allocation of federal funds to local authorities be made dependent on whether they supported the federal government in the implementation of the immigration laws (Booth, 2006). All these legislations were in an effort to make the state and local governments go in more responsibility in controlling immigration so as to enhance the effectiveness of local law enforcement efforts.Public opinion on immigration and federalismSeveral studies have revealed t hat a majority of Americans feel that immigration into the United States is out of hand and would wish for better laws to sustain the influx especially of illegal immigrants. In a recent Rasmussen public opinion poll, it was realized that one out of every four U.S citizens was very angry about the current American immigration policy. 28% of those who were interviewed expressed frustration with this policy while 62% expressed the need for a stricter border control. As of August 2008, 74% of Americans felt that the federal government was not doing enough to control the borders (Rasmussen reports, 2008). It is just now because of these sentiments that Congress introduced the above pieces of legislation.Generally, the devolution of policy making decisions to the state and local governments has received widespread support from the public (Wishnie, 2002). Interestingly however, this particular move has been met with sharp differences in opinion whereby there are those who are in support of the move while others oppose it. Those who are in support of these laws argue that they are essential in order to beef up security especially in the face of recent terrorism attacks among other crimes which are purported to have been committed by aliens.However, those who oppose the move feel that making local law enforcers responsible for the implementation of these laws will overburden them, making them inefficient in other crucial sectors. Others feel that such a move is ill- advised at it will unnecessarily divert the already scarce local resources from the regular law enforcement functions such as the protection of industrial facilities as well as the channels of commerce.There are also sentiments that such a move could crumble the relationship that local law enforcers have established with the local immigrant communities, thereby impeding the fight against crime as the aliens, especially the illegal ones, become more apprehensive in coming out with information on various crimes as they are afraid of being deported. But perhaps the most significant argument of all against the devolution of immigrant policy implementation from the federal government to the state and local government is that it violates the constitutional principles of federalism by allowing state and local officials to assume distinctly federal roles (Booth, 2006).

The Things They Carried by Tim OBrien Essay Example for Free

The Things They Carried by Tim OBrien EssayRationaleThe intention of the following text is to elaborate the use of meta-fable and story layering in Tim OBriens The Things They Carried through writing a narrated interview with Tim OBrien regarding Part Fours bring Literature and Critical Study. Using quotations/transcriptions of Tim OBriens statements within the put on interview give support the structure of the text accordingly as a narration of an interview. First, I will address Tim OBriens abbreviated biography regarding his career, education and whole kit and boodle. The narration will continue with an introduction from the interviewer, briefly regarding his works and the incorporation of observed exertion of meta-fiction and narrative layering. Then, a personal acknowledgement of the use of meta-fiction and narrative layering in his work, The Things They Carried, will be mentioned discreetly and indirectly.Several techniques employ to break down Tim OBriens work in a ims to identify the usage of these literary devices will be addressed indeed the narration will be preceded by several questions and answers addressing the application, role, and occasion of the usage of meta-fiction and narrative layering this will be supported by direct contextual examples from the text studied. A brief re-cap on the definitions of both literary devices will be addressed. The closing of the interview aims to emphasize the coherent application and purpose of these techniques in the interviewees work.Narrated Fictional referenceTim OBrien, an American citizen, is acknowledged as a novelist and/or a short story writer. He is highly recognized for his work, The Things They Carried. His works are under the genre of memoirs and struggle stories, more specifically those correlated with the Vietnam War, or as he would refer to it as the Vietnam Conflict. Neal Conan and Michiko Kakutani defines his work, The Things They Carried, as a critically acclaimed collection of semiautobiographical, inter-related short-stories godly by OBriensexperiences in the Vietnam War. A stellar student, he was the president of the student body and earned his degree in Political Science in 1968 after he graduated, instead of paving his own career path, he was drafted to join the United States Army. Sent to Vietnam, he was on duty until the 1970s. After his duty, he go along his studies in Harvard University, which lead him to his career as a writer. After being drafted and earning his graduate school degree, Tim OBrien wrote in his memoir, Can the foot soldier see anything important about war, merely for having been there? I think non. He can tell war stories. And so he did just that, he told war stories.Having the privilege of interviewing him personally, I addressed and accredited him for his excellent works both for serving in Vietnam and his works as a writer. I planned to posit him regarding his work, The Things They Carried, to ask him regarding the ob servations of the usage of meta-fiction and narrative layering. I eyeshot to myself in the beginning of the interview, how ironic it was to ask him about his experiences in the Vietnam War (or Vietnam Conflict) while I already read an entire book found upon his personal war stories. I decided to address my ironic thoughts and he responded, Didnt you realize? The Tim I mentioned repeatedly in the book, is not based on me, Tim OBrien, its a fictitious character I embedded within the book I honestly, did not refer to the real experience I encountered, instead I referred to my own fictional narratives. Before I asked him my scripted questions, he led the interview towards the two topics I was to talk about, narrative layering and meta-fiction.Based on everything2.com, the characteristics of works that use both these literary devices include the reference to itself as well as the human race and/or discussion of fictional works by fictitious characters. Tim OBriens works can be broke n down when aiming to identify the application of meta-fiction and narrative layering.Within Speaking of Courage, a character Tim is present. Written in third person narrative, and having the same name as the author, I personally thought that Tim, the character, was Tim, the writer. Though the literal Tim OBrien addressed that I am Tim, Tim OBrien, but Tim is not me. I gavehim a blank stare, attempting to understand his point then I realized that he utilise narrative layering within his work. The first layer can be considered as when Tim, the character, heard about Bowkers story, then the story lead to the second layer at which Tim, the writer, made it seem like Bowker is retelling the story. In fact, the whole story itself, is narrated by a fictional narrator, this find is and can be seen as the third and final layer.This discovery proves both the application of meta-fiction and narrative layering as it writes fiction based on fiction and is narrated by layers of fiction characte rs. Even within the beginning pages of the novel, though insignificantly mentioned, it is stated that it is a work of fiction and lovingly dedicated to the men of Alpha Company, value Cross, Norman Bowker, Rat Kiley, and Kiowa. Did you realize? I schemed the writing of that page to enhance the fact that this entire novel is a fictional piece. Tim, the character the fictional character, wrote this page, not Tim as in myself, he smirked while explaining.Within Notes, I began writing by referring to Speaking of Courage, that in itself can show that I referred to my own fictional work that is meta-fiction, he clarified. Whilst in On A Rainy River, a statement brings upon the reference of itself as stated above, this technique can be used to identify the usage of meta-fiction. The narrator of the story explains, Now, perhaps, you can understand why Ive never told this story before. (Pg. 54) the narrator addresses the story within the story.The story How to recognise A True War St ory is the epitome of a meta-fiction-filled work. It starts off stating, This is true, (Pg. 64), then leads to the confusion of readers that if a war story seems moral, do not count it, as it is a very old and terrible lie. (Pg. 65) Every definition of a true war story within is alternatingly opposed through the differing versions of the fictional characters narratives. Patricia Waugh declares that meta-fiction-filled work selfconsciously and systematically draws attention to its status as an artifact in order to pose questions about the relationship between fiction and reality, at which is all present within this story.Evidently visible within his work, Tim OBrien demonstrates the usage of both literary decices. Acknowledging the help of these literary devices, he states that narrative layering makes the source material stronger and the core storymore engaging.1 While the other literary device, meta-fiction is defined as the act of writing about writing, acts as a tool to remind r eaders that even though the narratives he writes are fiction, sometimes stories can be more real than reality itself. Using it to the uttermost of foregrounding the fiction of fiction and reality,2 he applies meta-fiction as how John Barth defines it. He writes based on the imitation of novels/narrative fictions rather than writing fictions based on reality, undeniably present, his works show self-conscious examinations of fiction by referring to itself. Written with excellence, Tim OBriens works uses both literary devices he explores thoroughly, the purpose of writing.1Goldhammer, G. (2013). Layered Narrative Storytelling A Journalistic Standard for CreatingContent. . Last accessed 23rd May 2014.2Waugh, Patricia. Metafiction The Theory and Practice of Self-Conscious Fiction. NY Routledge, 1984.

Benefits of Developing Integrated Global Strategies

Benefits of Developing Integrated Global StrategiesAs multinationals mature, they become awake of the opportunities to be gained from integrating and creating a single system on a orbiculate scale. Discuss, with reference to theories regarding economies of scale, scope and global battle, drawing on real institution organisation to illustrate your answer.Clearly, a substantial ch solelyenge for multinational corporations (MNCs), in the current environment of intensified competition and rapid industry consolidation, is star of much(prenominal) greater worldwide integration. Necessitated by burning competitive pressures, MNCs are integrating their disparate country operations in order to achieve economies across merchandises and direct units. Preliminary results from a pilot study of the characteristics of common global practices among a sample of MNCsexplore the benefits MNCs derive from the implementation of common practices across their worldwide operations, in pursuit of a global dodging. (Cavusgil, Yeniyurt and Townsend, 2004)It is clear from this most recent piece of research into the worldwide integration of multinational corporations that there are immense potence benefits to multinationals from pursuing a strategy of integration across markets and regions. However, expanding internationally requires managerial adaptation due to differences among national cultures, and these dynamics discombobulate non inevitably been used to represent the cultural diversity that may hinder efforts to integrate and coordinate efforts as required by global strategies. Tempering popular perspectives that enliven the benefits of diversity, some theories claim that cultural diversity among international divisions of a global firm may actually impede efforts to merge activities and expertise between those units. Specifically, direct, such(prenominal) as market, production and technology, and indirect knowledge-based benefits are more(prenominal) difficult to expl oit when cultural diversity makes activity sharing and expertise transfer less efficient. mate to established product relatedness theory, this postulates that culturally related international firms will enjoy greater efficiencies than culturally diverse multinationals. (Johnson and Scholes, 2002)Nowhere is this better seen than in the strategies of Novotel, a strategic business unit of the Accor group, and one of the worlds major hotel chains, occupying a prima(p) place in Europe and with locations globally. Calori, Baden-Fuller and Hunt (2000) interpreted Novotels change management programme in the 1990s, summarising the actions that managers took in terms of strategy and organization, also carefully considering the sequence and timing of events, and how this resulted in rapid transformation in an organisation employing more than 30,000 people. They also potently emphasised the dialectical nature of the change processes an element often ignored in the literature, observing both deliberation and experimentation both integration and divergentiation. They tack that, Novotel was careful to offer different offerings in each nation it operates, dependent upon the local customs, culture and expectations for a hotel. However they also found that, in tie with several of Morriseys (1996) theories on long range strategic planning, the managers were careful to always ensure that the partnerships global direction and overall strategy were clear and consistent in the minds of staff, and were strongly projected to the guests. Nowhere is this more clearly seen than on Novotels website, with its headline 412 Hotels Resort in 56 countries. Novotel guarantees you the best price, showing that no matter where in the world you go, Novotel always aims to offer you a budget hotel room. Such clear positioning and marketing is one of the main reasons the company has been so successful for so long.Another important consideration in integrating a strategy is that competitive ad caravantage crumb be gained through quality, even in mature commodity industries, yet that a quality-based competitive strategy will be successful totally if managers show both how quality is perceived by their customers and their company s level of quality performance. As such, the critical issue of many modern strategies is the importance of gaining customer attention the underlying view that a global business strategy can be simply programmed and customers merely involved in the activity as rational agents ignores the value of seasoned judgment and, ultimately, critical thinking. The essential objective is clearly to engage in producing a value- added customer relationship, and therefore, gaining customer attention is equally, or indeed, more important than a simple focus on customer relationship management. What is required is a strategic focus on the real complexness of the relationship which organizations are initially able to establish with customers. (Pearson, 1999)No where is this more ap rise up than in the UKs food and beverage sector, which lodges the countrys single enormousst manufacturing sector, thanks in part to a general economic recovery and its world-renowned high quality and innovative products. In recent years, the economic performance of the UK has been robust, owing to low inflation, hot produce, strong job creation and increases in consumer spending According to the Office for National Statistics (ONS), the UKs GDP rose 3.1% in 2004, compared with 2.2% in 2003. As a result, nursing stem spending on food has been increasing over the past few years. Merger and acquisiton activity in the UK is on the rise. According to the Office of National Statistics, the subdue of MA in the food industry increased 14.4% in 2004 to 278 deals from 243 in 2003. (Mergent Industry Reports, 2005) There is a significant foreign investor interest in UK companies, which shows a general confidence in the UK economy. In addition, the increase in conv enience stores and hypermarkets which sell groceries and offer a much wider choice of brand products, along with intense competition, has had a large impact on the food industry. As a result, many food companies are looking to consolidate their business to maximize competitiveness in terms of price, innovation and coverage. As companies seek to improve corporate profitability in a competitive market environment, further consolidation is expected. The growth of convenience stores and hypermarkets is likely to be the main force in the food and drink sector over the next few years. (Mergent Industry Reports, 2005)Judith Bevan (2005) examines the battle between the supermarkets in a recent book Trolley Wars, where the wars in question are not just price wars they are space and strategy wars. With UK retail being the most competitive sector in one of the most competitive countries in the world, supermarkets desperate for supremacy fight over prices, squeeze suppliers and breeze land in order to win. Each of the players has brought the industry forward at a crucial time Whether it was Sainsbury for quality, MS for innovation or Tesco for value, one capacity is clear the winners, and today this is Tesco by a long way, never forget that the customer is king and that only by constantly listening, anticipating and reacting can they survive in todays market. (Bevan 2005) UK supermarket customers are in search of quality, price and value, and are among the savviest in the world. The lesson is clear complacency kills, and a fragmented, unclear, strategy, as witnessed in Sainsburys recent advertising campaigns, which birth driven away some of the chains traditionally loyal customers. (Finch, 1999)However, it is also vitally important for firms to consider that any strategy they formulate should not only offer customers what they want and expect from the overall corporation, but should also be financially and commercially viable. In particular, managerial considerations, desires, priorities and egos should not override the need to remain profitable and fulfil shareholder, and other s commandholder, goals and expectations. This is covered quite clearly in the managerially theory of the firm, developed by Stoelhorst and van Raaij (2004) as a meaningful utility(a) to the neoclassical theory of the firm. Their paper argues that the main use of a managerial theory of the firm is explaining performance differentials between firms, especially in the area of marketing strategy, which we have already seen is of great import to multinational corporations. Indeed, the authors explicitly state that trade shares an interest in explaining performance differentials with strategic management and organizational economics. (Stoelhorst and van Raaij, 2004) Likewise, they show that a generic understanding of the sources of performance differentials is emerging across these three disciplines, and incorporate this understanding in a unifying conceptual model that is b oth managerially relevant and embedded in economic theory.The lessons from this paper would be well learnt by easyGroup ltd. director, and well known entrepreneur, Stelios Haji-Ioannou. In 2003, Haji-Ioannou announced that easyCinema would open in Milton Keynes, England, with the introductory cinema chain aimed at providing an addition to the existing easyGroup architecture, which at the time encompassed rental cars, internet cafs and an airline business. (Ritson, 2003) Haji-Ioannou has frequently admitted that price elasticities are the marrow squash of the easy brand, and is careful to always select markets where consumers will make differential trade-offs between time and price. For example, if one is a price-sensitive European student flying home to spend holidays, he is likely to book months in advance and will probably accept an early morning departure. (Ritson, 2003) By using technology and just-in-time document systems, easyGroup allows its component firms to flexibly set prices and automatically respond to market elasticities.However, just two months after Ritsons article, Haji-Ioannou was forced to admit, in June 2003, that he may have to close the easyCinema in Milton Keynes by the end of the year. EasyGroup companies, excluding the publicly owned easyJet, in fact lost about 120m over the past four years, with EasyInternetCafe forming the bulk of this, upshot in about 90m in losses between 1999 and 2003. However, in the same time period, easyCar lost about 20m, the Internet shopping portal easyValue lost 5m and the easyMoney credence card 2.7m.The basis for these losses can be seen in the fate of easyCinema, a good model for the management style of Stelios Haji-Ioannou and his declining empire, EasyGroup. (Kroll, 2004) Krolls article recalls the originally workaway of airplane tickets on the steps of an Athens courthouse, where he was being sued by travel agents, but focuses on his potshot at U.S. film distributors, which initially refused t o give EasyCinema first runs because his ticket prices were too low to offer them a decent cut. The US film distributors move was mirrored by distributors in Britain, which meant that, although Stelios had found another(prenominal) price elastic market in its first week, easyCinema filled 56% of its seats, patronage has dropped steadily since. (Wylie, 2003) The main reason for this is the lack of recent release, as traditionally distributors make money by creaming a high percentage of box-office revenue in the first weeks of a films run, a percentage that easyCinema was unwilling and unable to provide. Stelios time-tested to persuade Britains Office of Fair Trading to investigate what he alleges is illegal collusion and resale price maintenance among distributors (Wylie, 2003) but this appeared to be yet another forwarding stunt from the self-styled consumers champion, who had yet again failed to address the concerns of some of the most powerful stakeholders in one of his ventures .Of course, a single, integrated strategy pursued to its fullest by integrating the strategy of a multinational corporation involved in just one market, can reap the highest rewards of all. inquiry into this was recently conducted by Kim and Lee (2001), who admit to being motivated by an empirical observation that two Korean carmakers, Daewoo and Hyundai, have pursued very different globalisation strategies despite their structural similarities. Using in-depth case studies and extensive interviews with top managers, they explained several lessons that can be drawn from these strategies. Being direct competitors in the Korean automobile industry has affected the firms globalisation strategies to a great extent each company took into account its competitive position, vis--vis the others, when forging its global strategy. For instance, Daewoo think on achieving economies of scale by targeting the East European markets for its overseas capacity expansion, as a way of overcoming its ma nufacturing address disadvantage in the domestic market vis--vis Hyundais. Likewise, Hyundais globalisation strategy exporting supported by technological advancement was driven by an implicit assumption of its competitive advantage vis--vis Daewoos.This initial observed pattern of decisions was formed mostly by such determining factors as top managements commitment to specific strategic decisions and resources, both managerial and financial, from each companys parent business group. It is vital to note here that, unlike easyGroups strategy, driven largely by the ego and self-image of its director, was in fact driven by the core competencies of each company developing and exploiting new-fangled markets to obtain economies of scale, and maintaining a technological advantage. Subsequently, these integrated strategies were altered or reinforced as each company accumulated different learning experiences, demonstrating that unless the learning process is well managed, it can do as much harm as good to a company. (Kim and Lee, 2001)Indeed, Hamid (2002) has shown that leading companies around the world are developing integrated global compensation and benefit strategies in order to help them stay ahead of the competition. These companies are conclusion that their human resource strategy can be structured using similar philosophies to reward people regardless of their geographic boundaries. (Hamid, 2002) The need to develop more consistent global strategies in concert with reward practices worldwide, is driven by companies finding that global compensation and benefit strategies can also, in fact, achieve cost savings through economies of scale. The ability to shed the costs of communicating, administering and coordinating several compensation strategies is proof positive that multinational corporations can derive benefits from integrating their global strategies in almost any area of their operations.An excellent example of this is Ryanair, which in August of this year (2005) shrugged off soaring fuel charges, fierce competition and an on-going row with pilots, to announce record pre-tax profits of 76.9m for the three months to July. Despite increasing capacity by 30pc, the airline managed to increase its yield per seat by 3pc, charm simultaneously cutting costs per passenger by 6pc. Yesterday, by way of an encore, it released figures which showed that it carried a record 3,198,977 passengers in July, breaking the 3m barrier for the first time, and taking the number of passengers it has carried over the past 12 months to just over 30m. But, according to Michael Cawley, Ryanairs chief operating officer, whether you are talking about expansion, cost cutting or election revenues, the airline, which now operates on 250 routes across 21 countries, is only just beginning. (McEnaney, 2005)One of the key messages from the latest results is that Ryanair has no trouble cutting costs and generating economies of scale both vital advantages in the glob al budget air travel market. In fact, when you factor out fuel costs, over which the company has only limited control, Ryanair managed to veer costs by 11pc in the last quarter. This is despite the fact that Ryanair is now unable to significantly reduce costs by cutting back on the trimmings with no trimming left to cut, the company has been forced to take a big-picture approach, through a single intergrated global strategy take as many passengers as cheaply as possible. According to Mr Cawley, much of the current cost reduction is due to the replacement of the companys 737-200 airplanes, which carry 130 passengers, with new 737-800 aircraft, which carry 189. The 737-800 has boosted passenger numbers per plane by 45pc. As we get more and more of them in the fleet, our costs per passenger go down. Also, newer aircraft have swallow costs. (McEnaney, 2005)There seems to be no end to the expansion of Ryanair, which also recently announced that it would fly eight routes to Poland by No vember, and recently made Pisa in Italy its 14th European base. In the coming months, the airline is expected to announce two new European bases. One of these will most likely be Beauvais in France, which is the only major European country where Ryanair does not yet have a base. The second is likely to be either in Spain or in Scandinavia. According to Cawley, this expansion also helps to lower costs We enjoy significant economies of scale. We used to have three routes from Pisa. Now we have eight, but there is no increase in our Italian advertising costs. (McEnaney, 2005)Thus, the potential opportunities gained by multinationals that develop integrated global strategies are almost too large to measure, with economies of scope and scale, and large technological and consumer based advantages However, it is also extremely important that, as well as aim for these advantages, and the associated global competitiveness benefits, that MNCs ensure that they are not pursuing a single integr ated strategy for the wrong reasons, as easyGroup has done recently. They must also continue to monitor and analyse the needs and demands of all shareholders and stakeholders, especially the major ones, and remember that the most important stakeholders in many markets, regions, cultures and industries may not be the customers, as is usually believed. This task is far from easy, but for a multinational with the required knowledge, capabilities and learning capacity, the benefits cannot be overstated, and the potential to grow, diversify and consolidate, as Ryannair has recently shown, can be huge.ReferencesBevan, J (2005) Trolley Wars. Profile Books.Calori, R. Baden-Fuller, C. and Hunt, B. (2000) Managing variegate at Novotel Back to the Future. Long Range Planning Vol. 33, Issue 6, p. 779.Cavusgil, S. T. Yeniyurt, S. and Townsend, D. (2004) The framework of a global company A conceptualization and preliminary validation. Industrial Marketing Management Vol. 33, Issue 8, p. 711.Finc h, J. (1999) Rivals maul Sainsbury GM ad. The Guardian.Authors Hamid, H. (2002) Global convergence in remuneration patterns. byplay Times (Malaysia).Johnson, G. and Scholes, K. (2002) Exploring Corporate Strategy Sixth Edition. FT assimilator Hall.Kim, B. and Lee, Y. (2001) Global Capacity Expansion Strategies Lessons Learned from Two Korean Carmakers. Long Range Planning Vol. 34, Issue 3, p. 309.Kroll, L. (2004) Easy.com, Easy Go. Forbes Vol. 174, Issue 12, p. 138.McEnaney, T. (2005) Man with a mission, airline with a future. Irish Independent.Mergent Industry Reports (2005) Food Beverage Europe.Morrisey G. (1996) A Guide to Long-Range Planning. San Francisco Jossey-Bass.Pearson, G. (1999) Strategy in Action. Prentice Hall.Ritson, M. (2003) Stelios shows theres an easy way to a skilful pricing strategy. Marketing (UK) p. 16.Rogers, D. (2003) Not So Easy After All. Marketing (UK) p. 20.Stoelhorst, J.W. and van Raaij, E. M. (2004) On explaining performance differentials Marketin g and the managerial theory of the firm. Journal of Business Research Vol. 57, Issue 5, p. 462.Wylie, I. (2003) In Movieland Not So Easy. Fast Company Issue 75, p. 35.

Techniques and Types of Jailbreak

Techniques and Types of JailbreakMohammad Alfaifi apple is a global company that produces widgets such as iPhone, iPad, and iMac. Actu wholey, it is specializing in Softwargon and they have a clay called IOS. With the technology evolution, hackers have advanced and find vulnerability in Apple software program that allowed breaking the system. This carriage called jailbreak.This project includes a general re envision about jailbreak and the way it works. Also its development over the years and mention names of some organizations such as iPhone Dev team, Chronic-Dev, dream team, Pangu, Evad3rs, PP25 and Keen.Jailbreak is one of the words that grown fast recently. Apple prefers to approach pattern something and tell you, This is how it should be used. Apple came with the system that is fixed which cerebrate you are not allowed to install tools thats help you with your needs and because of that Apple is one of a biggest secure system in the world. Some people feel that they bevel square do whatever they want with feeling that Apples operate system is like a jail. Jailbreak came to gives the people ability to break the operating system to do whatever they want whether to install tools or themes. Apple products are well-made but they had limitation. Jailbreaking breaks those limits and gives you more control in your winding.1.1. Is jailbreaking legal?United States of America has a rule that allowing the jailbreak and you apprise jailbreaking your smartphone or tablets you want1. Apple support center 2 published a clearance that jailbreak is legal but you allow get the support (warranty). If you install jailbreak in your Apple product, Apple will not sue you because of that and all what they can do is to stop supporting your doojigger and if something happens it is under your responsibility.2.1. Jailbreak types2.1.1. TetheredIn this type, Jailbreak is temporary. When you turn off your device you cant boot your device up without connect it to PC to cancel the Jailbreak and then you are able to boot the device. In this Jailbreak you have to install it every clock you turn off your device 3.2.1.2. equipage TetheredIt looks like tethered jailbreak with addition thing that here you can turn off your device and boot it again without any problem. The features are limited 3.2.1.3. UntetheredIt is the common jailbreak and the new(a) one. It gives the user ability to run all the tools and lotions they downloaded anytime they want. In this type, you can turn off your device without solicitude of losing the jailbreak 3.2.2. Jailbreak teamsThere are many developers of a jailbreak, Cydia, and hackers of IOS system who have a wide fame in the community of iOS users and jailbreak system. These developers and hackers have gigantic merit in making jailbreak a strong community. They have begun attacking the iOS system and deployment jailbreak since the early days of the issued of the firstly system for the iPhone. In July 2007, a few days afte r the release the iPhone system, a group of developers create the first tool of jailbreak, and shortly afterwards, there were many versions of tools for jailbreak. In the October 2007, they created the first jailbreak 1.0 which was also called (AppSnapp)2.3. How jailbreak works2.3.1. bootchainThe bootchain 4 (also called chain of trust) is the system by Apple which can tries to ensure that exactly signed or trusted tag is loaded on an iOS device.Figure 1 bootchain modulers The bootchain consist couple of deferent modules that load each other and between the loadings there are check points that Apple put it in order to prevent unauthorized access to the code.Boot ROM is the first significant code that starts in the device. It is read-only which actor it cant be modified by Apple when they release a device. This part is hard to Jailbreak because it connect with the hardware not the software it in the moment in spite of appearance the device, but if individual Jailbreak this par t, Apple cant stop the Jailbreak and they have to change the hardware next time they publish a new device.Low level Bootloader (LLB) which is a part of the software. It runs several setup routines. On firmware versions 2.0 and higher it checks the signature of Boot ROM before jumping to it. If someone found vulnerabilities and Jailbreak this part, Apple can close the vulnerabilities by releasing new software version (iOS firmware).iBoot is Apples stage 2 bootloader for all of the devices. It runs what is known as Recovery Mode. It has an interactive interface which can be used over USB or serial.IOS Kernel is using page verification. When you start application the Kernel will verify if the application has the code singing in tagged. If it has SHA1 verification it will pass the application to AMFI which is a Kernel extension. The Kernel doesnt verify if the applications signature is valid, it is only verified if the signature is exist.IOS apps are the phase after the Kernel boot. It goes hand to and with iOS Kernel. For iOS all applications have to be signed since the launch of the App Store (iOS 2.0), this includes all system binaries that come with iOS. For the end user. This code signing enforcement cannot be disabled, which makes that an end user can only install applications from the App Store./private/etc/fstabis is where all the iOS files are stores and must be patched. fstab is like a switch that is giving you the ability to control the media partitions and the permissions. By omission, fstab is setting as a read-only mode that letting you to read or view only without making any changes. To be able to make any modifications, you have to set the fstab as read-write mode. It is very important for your Apple device because it is arbitrary the permission of the media partition and the root.The big problem is to pass in all the files you need through the various checkpoints. The checkpoint is what Apple does in order to ensuring the file is legit or coming from a third party. Every file is signed by a key. The file will be through a way and be unusable if this file without kay.In short, we can access to the door if we either find a back door entry (bypass) or un manoeuvre the lock (patch all checkpoints). Patching is a difficult and mostly not worth the effort. So, most people who make the jailbreak will try to find a backdoor entry or a bypass.2.3.2. Limera1n ExploitThe limera1n exploit is the bootrom and iBoot exploit used to run unsigned code (and thereby jailbreak) the iPod touch 3rd Generation, the iPhone 3GS and all A4 chip devices. It was first used in the limera1n tool by geohot. It is used to perform a tethered jailbreak on the devices that mentioned above. The jailbreak can then be turned into an untethered jailbreak with other exploits, such as the 0x24000 Segment Overflow 5. Limera1n is the final publicly disclosed bootrom exploit of any device. The last device released vulnerable to limera1n is the iPhone 4.2.4. Advantag es of using jailbreakJailbreak means that the user can download applications without the need of Apple store, and controls the tones and add modifications to the system. Also decoding constraint on company communications device, such as AT T or Verizon, it can go further than this when some people want to amendment on the phone. The majority is in the process of jailbreak for your iPhone, using Cydia to download the software tools to your device and install them. Cydia is an application or store tools allows owners devices that have been untying them to browse the applications and tools and take aim it to the device without any restrictions2.5. Disadvantages of using jailbreakThere are many people prefer to stay away of Jailbreak their devices. When you Jailbreak your device that means your device is no longer under the Apple ensuring 2. All tools and applications you download are not licensed by Apple and it may break your device because it is not secure. Also one of important t hings in the device is the battery. Jailbreak consumes a lot of power on your device which mean your battery couldnt set up long.2.6. Risks of using JailbreakSince jailbreaking a device bypasses all certification measures of the device to allow developers and users more control over the applications and device respectively, it brings inherent risks which must not be ignored by both developers and users. Here are few dangers of jailbreaking a device 3Many a times jailbreaking tools installs an SSH application by default on a device and default password for iOS device alpine is very well known. If a user does not change the default password, attackers can remotely control the operation of device.Since jailbreaking grants root access to any application running on a device, there is a risk of malicious application accessing sensitive info of other apps.3.1. How to know if your device can jailbreakAs a first step you have to know the version of your IOS system. and so search on Inter net if this version has a Jailbreak or not. The best way to search is to get into the Jailbreak teams websites. Since Jailbreak is published by one team other teams published their copies too.All jailbreaking tools available to install in application called Cydia, which is similar to the Apple App Store but applications available on Cydia are not checked by Apple and developers can submit their applications to distribute through Cydia.Figure 2 Jailbroken IPhone with Cydia4.1. History of CydiaCydia is a third-party installer application for all Apple devices. Developed by Jay Freeman (Saurik), Cydia is similar to the official App Store. Cydia is a manager mobile application for IOS, which enables the user to find and install tools or software packages on jailbroken device. Its important for you to jailbreak your IOS device to get the Cydia. With Cydia everyone has the option of customizing their devices 6.4.2. Add or remove comes Cydia is a store depends on the developers. The sourc es are small stores of the developers to upload their tools on it. Cydia came within BigBoss source. This source is built-in the Cydia because it is by the Cydia creator. If you want to install other developers sources follow these stepsFigure 3 iPhone Home Screen perplex the Cydia application on your iPhones home screen and click on it.Figure 4 Cydia Screen clear up on Sources in the bottom bar.The screen of the sources that been added shown. Click on edit and then add.Figure 5 Adding source screenWrite the URL of the source and click on Add Source.Now the source will be add into your list of sources and can search on any tool in it and install whatever you want.5.1. surety without jailbreakThe security without Jailbreak is under Apple control. Apple has a store includes more than 2 million of applications 7. These applications are not only for smartphones only. They support tablets, Apple TV and smart watches. Apple takes two days to approval a new application that uploaded from a developer 8. These two days is giving Apple a time to review the app submitted to the App Store to determine whether it is perform as expected, reliable and is free of offensive material. Apple reviews every app submitted based on a set of technical, content, and design criteria.5.2. Security with jailbreakWe agree Jailbreak is a risk for your device. This is for people with no knowledge of technologies. Privacy is one of those things that most people will ordain they care about, but they really dont. However, if you truly do care about your privacy, device jailbreaking is a good way for that. Jailbreak is giving you tools to hide your information of others, even of Apple. There is another tool take care of your phone when it is stolen. When the criminal enter wrong password the tool take a selfie (photo from count camera) and send it to your E-mail with the location. Those are simples of thousands of tools give you a security more than device without Jailbreak 9.1L. of C. U.S. Copyright Office, Exemption to Prohibition on Circumvention of Copyright breastplate Systems for Access Control Technologies. U.S. Copyright Office, Library of Congress., 28-Oct-2015.2Unauthorized modification of iOS can cause security vulnerabilities, instability, shortened battery life, and other issues, Apple Support. Online. Available https//support.apple.com/en-sa/HT201954. Accessed 14-Jan-2017.3R. Patel, Improving Security in Jailbroken iOS Devices, B. Thomas Golisano College of Computing and Information Sciences, Rochester, New York, 2016.4Apple, iOS Security. May-2016.5D. Keuper, XNU a security evaluation, University of Twente and Certi_ed Secure, 2012.6D. Wicks, What is Cydia and Cydia Basics, IEEnews, Jul. 2016.7J. Golson, Apples App Store now has over 2 million apps, The Verge, 13-Jun-2016. Online. Available http//www.theverge.com/2016/6/13/11922926/apple-apps-2-million-wwdc-2016. Accessed 29-Jan-2017.8O. Raymundo, Apple is approving apps for the iOS App Store much faste r now, Macworld, 12-May-2016. Online. Available http//www.macworld.com/article/3070012/ios/apple-is-approving-apps-for-the-ios-app-store-much-faster-now.html. Accessed 28-Jan-2017.9C. Lloyd, How Jailbreaking Makes Your iPhone More Secure Private, GottaBeMobile, 22-Oct-2015. Online. Available http//www.gottabemobile.com/how-jailbreaking-makes-your-iphone-more-secure-private/. Accessed 03-Feb-2017.

Symbolism in Plays: Comparison of Dorfman and DÏ‹rrenmatt

Symbolism in Plays Comparison of Dorfman and DrrenmattThe usage of eitheregoric references and symbolism is all important(p) when delivering the dictationwrights intended messages to the audience. The author of Death and the Maiden, Ariel Dorfman, and the author of The Visit, Friedrich Drrenmatt, both select messages which regard gentlemans gentleman society finished the use of symbols. By creating characters that represent genial issues such as anti-religion, patriarchal set, and loss of ethics, both writers utilize the outcomes of characters to deliver their opinions. Furthermore, both plays emphasize social issues, elicit causes, and imply solutions to the issues addressed by utilizing allegorical references. In Death and the Maiden, Dorfman addresses the situation of his home area, Chile, while in The Visit, Drrenmatt uses biblical allusions.Both plays, The Visit and Death and the Maiden make use of allegories to convey a message. Drrenmatt uses symbols to construct a b iblical allusion in The Visit and deliver his message that greed holds the ability to decay moral values and that coin has the power to assume personalities. The allusion is made up of Ill, the Christ figure, who must sacrifice himself for the betterment of Guellen, which is rotting to death (Drrenmatt 12). The desperate nature of the town is obvious with the excitement caused by the arrival of Claire Zachanassian. Since her wealth is well-known, it immediately sheds hope upon Guellen that she will come to save the town from its poverty. Ironically, she does the exact opposite. Claire, the satanic figure, introduces temptation, which slowly diminishes the moral values the town is so much known to uphold. By offering the million dollars in return for Ills death, the power of greed is executed through the transformation of Guellens citizens. At first, the mayor states that he rejects Claires offer in the name of humanity and that he would rather live through poverty than have blood on his workforce (39). The mayors tone is extremely certain, emphasizing to what extent his transformation really is. By the end of the play, the mayor has already fooled himself into thinking that by killing Ill it would be better for humanity. For the sacrifice of one, it would save the town. Temptation has led Guellen to believe that their decision to kill Ill was not derived through the money, but through the matter of arbiter (91). This moral line portrays through the use of the biblical allusion, which Drrenmatt creates for one specific purpose to deliver a caveat towards greed. The paradox of greed, in this case, derives from Claire. In one aspect, she saves Guellen from poverty, hunger, and imminent destruction. Yet, she introduces greed and murder, which subsequently leads to the loss of ethics and gain of antireligious values. Indeed, she saves the town in one way, but destroys the town in another.In the play Death and the Maiden, Ariel Dorfman creates an allegory portr aying the cruel government of Chile and the throw togethers to transition away from it into a new leadership. The characters of the play are symbols to portray these struggles to heal. Additionally, the personalities of these characters portray the necessities of stack after such an event such as justice, revenge, and acceptance. Although the old regime is out of order, the effects of the crimes against human rights are not so easily forgotten. later on being brutally tortured and raped, Paulina Salas struggles in her life. She finds it easy to suppress her memories, but never finds a way to accept the past. Hence, Paulina is a symbol of revenge, which Dorfman creates to emphasize the struggle to heal. When Doctor Miranda, her alleged rapist, arrives to her house, she recognizes his voice, which during all these historic period not an hour has passed that she hasnt heard it (Dorfman 22), proving her inability to accept the past, and describing her personality as vengeful. Her ab ility to recall the Doctors voice from years in the past portrays the extent to which the memories of her past still affect her present. When the Doctor wakes up after spending the night, he sees Paulina, who is holding a gun and pointing it playfully in his direction (20). Knowing her thoughts, her intentions are made clear. She wants him to feel sorry and repent, yet claims it is not vengeance (34) which drives her. Through Paulina, Dorfman uses her inability to forget as an sheath of social issues which pertain to Chile. By portraying her as a woman who has been affected by events at a time linked to a cruel government, he represents all women in Chiles reality, who have suffered through the old regime. Moreover, by making her personality vengeful, he directly implies that many women in Chile are also pursuance closure through revenge. When Dorfman ends his play with mirrors dropping down, he implies that the plot directs towards the audience, and is suppose to catalyze self e xploration amongst them.Dorfman also creates Gerardo Escobar as a lawyer who has been ordained to a commission that will examine human rights abuses during the past dictatorship. This career is ironic because of his wife who has had her rights abused, but seeks justice not through her husband, but through revenge. Both of Escobars occupations, as a lawyer and a member of the commission, serve as support for the idea that he is a symbol of justice. Dorfman creates this dichotomy of roles to record the different way people deal with the struggle. The way Paulina does through revenge, which is seeking justice with an evil intention, or the way Escobar does through justice and acceptance. Escobar constantly states that these crimes were held xv years ago (36), and to put him on trial (34) instead of seek revenge the way Paulina does, proving that Escobar has accepted what has happened and holds no grudge. Although Paulina retorts that crimes had not been directly done towards him, in deed, they had. Escobar is directly affected because though he had not been abused, his wife had, giving him a link. Dorfman uses Escobar as a symbol to portray the way people should handle violations of human rights, with acceptance. To prove this method correct, Dorfman then uses Paulina as a symbol for revenge to show that if people good dealnot come to terms with the past, they will constantly seek revenge, never find peace, and consequently struggle to heal.Both authors, Drrenmatt and Dorfman, utilize symbolism and allegories to deliver their own messages about their views on society. Drrenmatt believes that if humanity succumbs to temptation, moral decline is unavoidable. He demonstrates the serious nature of this warning by implementing the idea into a biblical allusion. This allusion portrays that death and anti-religion follows greed. Dorfman similarly conveys a message through an allusion of his home country Chile. By portraying a womens struggle to overcome her cruel pas t and making her symbolize revenge, Dorfman demonstrates the flaws of such an approach. He shows that if revenge is what you seek, a person can never find closure, and that the only way one can obtain peace is through acceptance and mercy.Work CitedDorfman, Ariel. Death and the Maiden. New York Penguin Books, 1991. Durrenmatt, Friedrich. The Visit. Tans. Patrick Bowles. New York plantation Press, 1956.

Respect Essay -- Definition Essays Explication

Respect Many people have different ideas about what respect means. I think it means having respect for others, property, and respect for yourself. intimately people want respect even if it is just a little. The American Heritage Dictionary conjures that respect is1. A feeling of appreciative, often deferential regard, esteem.2.The state of being regarded with honor or esteem. 3.Willingness to show consideration or appreciation. People demand different amounts of respect, though not everyone is willing to give the amount needed. by chance this is because not every one knows what respect means. The first rule is respect for others. A few of those others are teachers, police, authority figures, and business people. Respect for others is listening to the soul talking, not interrupting class, and being respectful to other peoples ideas. It means, doing the work shown, and not asking to repeat what was just said. But those are just a few examples.The second rule is respecting property . Respecting property is as simple as not writing on a desk in school, but it can ...

Hinduism Origins :: essays research papers

The origins of the Hindu religion can be traced back to the year 5000 BCE.The word Hindu is a very old word.In ancient times, the river Indus was called Hindu by the Persians who had migrated there. They also called the land Hindustan and its inhabitants, Hindus. After that, the religion that followed was called Hinduism. Hinduism is also referred to by practitioners as Sanatana Dharma. This means the eternal faith.Hinduism is non strictly a religion. More than a religion, it is a way of life of life. Hinduism has no founder, Anyone who practices Dharma can call himself a Hindu. Hinduism is based on the practice of Dharma, which is the code of life.Hinduism has been their way of life for many years. Scholars are confused, it seems to be that Hinduism has no founder. Has been traced to about the year 5000 BCE to the Indus Valley civilization.Development of Hinduism influenced throughout the years by many invasions.Biggest invasion is believed to be the Aryan invasion, circa 1500 BC E. Aryans were light-skinned nomadic people from the steppes of Russia and Central Asia. When they invaded India, they brought with them religion of Vedism.Beliefs mixed with more advanced whimsys of the Indians, creating Hinduism.Early Vedism was the early earth and life changing belief that the battle loving tribes needed. lso believed that Hinduism is derived from Animism. Animism is the belief that every thing and person has a powerful spirit in them or a soul. This spirit is supposed to be capable of helping or harming human beings. This faith is very popular. In fact, if an animist were to want to cut down a tree, he would first excuse to the tree how it will be used and then asks for permission to cut it down. That is why many people like the North American Indians used every part of the animal that they killed. During the tTime of the invasions many things changed. The Rig-Veda was composed during the early beginnings of the Hindu religion. The Rig-Veda is a collection of 1 , 280 hymns to the gods. There are also three other collections, which were added later. They are called the Samaveda, the Yajurveda and the Atharvaveda. amidst the years 800 and 600 BC, a body of style writings called the Brahmanans was attached the Vedas. These writings contain explanations of the ceremonies mentioned in the Vedas.